The Effects of Media on Juveniles in Today's Society Research Paper

The Effects of Media on Juveniles in Today's Society - Research Paper Example In this regard, the current essay aims to explore the effects of media on juveniles in contemporary society. The term media is explicitly defined as â€Å"communication channels through which news, entertainment, education, data, or promotional messages are disseminated. Media includes every broadcasting and narrowcasting medium such as newspapers, magazines, TV, radio, billboards, direct mail, telephone, fax, and internet† (Business Dictionary, 2012). Due to the expansive channels within which various kinds of information, promotions, public announcements, campaigns and propaganda available, it is inevitable that people from all age groups could be influenced by them. However, due to the nature of juveniles’ development stage where curiosity and the need to explore is predominantly manifested, media provides significant effects both on the positive and negative side on juveniles in today’s society. According to Clay (2003), â€Å"no electronic mediums effects are all good or all bad; its the content that makes all the difference† (p. 40). Television, for example, has been widely researched in terms of its negative impact on children’s development. The Media Awareness Network (2010) has noted that â€Å"how much impact TV has on children depends on many factors: how much they watch, their age and personality, whether they watch alone or with adults, and whether their parents talk with them about what they see on TV† (par. 2). The impact of television ranges from exposure to violence that increases preponderance to aggressive behavior; decreased learning performance due to excessive watching; contributory factor to obesity due to lack of time spent for physical activities; and exposure to sexual content (Media Awareness Network, 2010). On the other hand, the most prolific medium used by juveniles today, the internet through social networking sites provide the following effects: increased tendencies for Internet

Contemporary societies Essay Example for Free

Contemporary societies Essay The art of literature in contemporary societies has always led to more critical discussions between man and himself and between man and his neighbor. Literature pushes us to rethink our stance on normal societal norms and beliefs. Sula is such a work of art. It is the based on two women living at the Bottom in Ohio, a predominantly black community. Helen Wright is a socially conscious and quite a conservative woman. She has one daughter; Nel. Hannah Peace a beautiful flamboyant and a woman with many men at the Bottom is the mother of Sula. Sula is raised with Eva Peace, her grandmother who does not stifle her granddaughters freedom unlike Nel who comes from a restrictive household. Nel and Sula develop quite an inseparable and good friendship, a friendship that does not settle well with Helen who possesses grave misgivings due to the reputation of Sulas mother however she does not object openly after her realization that Sula is a very polite house guest. After High School these two great friends diverge ways for 10 years. Sula goes to college where she experiences a new wave of sexual promiscuity much like her mother. Nel On the other hand is married by a Bottoms resident, Jude Green. Their separation last for period of three years before Sula comes back from the college and their relationship resumes without any hindrance. However, this relationship is cut short when Nel learns of the relationship between Sula and Jude. This affair ends both the relationship between Jude and Nel as well as that of Nel as Sula who leaves the bottom for three years. Nel is forced to raise her two children alone and she doesnt communicate with Sula for the three years that she goes away. Their next meeting occurs when Sula is terribly sick and almost dying. Their last conversation before Sula dies constitutes the literary wealth of this masterpiece; it is the discussion between good and bad. She dies and is buried at the Bottom cemetery. Thereafter, Nel visits Eva Peace who is quite old and is kept in a nursing home where she tries to retell the moments she had together before Sula died. While walking home she begins to feel the loss of the relationship with the death of Sula, her single and true friend. Her judgment of Sula as bad begins to haunt her as she recalls an incident that happened when they were friends; the Chicken Little incident. Chicken little was a young boy who also lived at the Bottom. When playing on a tree, Sula lost grip and the child plunged in the river and drowned. They kept this secret for the whole of their lives. These are the memories that unsettled Nel emotionally, she begins to challenge the concepts of good and bad and the choices and sacrifices people make in life. Later on, she kills her drug addict sun as she struggles to raise his family single handedly. Sadly, we see her sitting and crying over Sulas grave at then cemetery as the story comes to an end. The story questions the decisions that people make in life; the calls for a rethinking of common societal problems. Critics mention the humor in the novel. For example the place called bottom is actually at the mountain top. The creation of binary oppositions in the novel not only makes it too interesting and informative but also lets the reader glance at the depth of common conventions in the community and the effect these societal conventions have on the lives of children who are supposed to be brought up in a comparatively free world where people are supposed to make free will. Satire as a theme is also developed in the story and it fuse well with the binary notion. The complexity of characters in the story conveys an account of human flaws in decision making and in the way we relate to other people in the community. While parents do everything in their power to ensure that their children justifiably lead a good life, little is done in ensuring that the children also get freedom. This makes the children not to acquire their own experiences in life but only proceed to copy the characters of their parents and grandparents. The fact that Sula turned out to be an exact replica of her mother and grandmother is an attestation to this fact. The book is feminine masterpiece and there is also an element of female chauvinism. This can be justified by the fact that all the major characters in the book are women and their actions are affected by men in a very little sense. Jude, Chicken Little and Nels son who became a drug addict after leaving the army are all victims of the women’s stereotyped dispositions. Shadrack being physically and emotionally scarred fro the experience of war is disowned and almost excommunicated by the community without the community fully understanding the reasons behind his behavior. Let us now give a critical analysis of Sula, the main character. Sula is the major influence on his friend Nel. Sula has been influenced by her mother leading to the passage of what can be argued to be a bad character trait through generations. Eva is a strong woman. She has endured loneliness, abject poverty but she is proud and unrelenting. Sula is quite an extraordinary woman, she is energetic but she has no suitable outlet to release her energies. This makes her potentially dangerous in that that she has no knowledge of wrongdoing. She does not understand that she sins when she sleeps with men and carelessly tosses them aside. Her sin is unintentional. The community, however do not understand the context of her upbringing or they simply do not care. They despise her but tolerate her. One very interesting aspect is that Sula is quite independent in her isolation, she does what she pleases and she simply does not care what everybody else does. She lives her the way it pleases her effectively earning her isolation from the community. After her death the rules shift suddenly, there is a renewed sense of acceptance, of defining right and wrong, good and bad. It is important to try and delve into the reasons why Nel and Sula united even after Sula betrayed their friendship by having an affair with Nels husband, Jude. Nel realizes that Sula was neither good nor evil; she was just indifferent to everything and everybody. Wives had to put extra effect in making sure that their husbands do not fall into bed with Sula, children were treated better so that they dont grow into adults who are indifferent and uncaring like Sula. This is good fortune to the bottom community because they were held together in the rethinking process. Remember the National Suicide day? After Sulas death the community did not have any productive outlet to channel their energies, they could not just sit and talk and so they become enraged and tear up the tunnel the result of unfocused energy. This eventual realization went a long way in ensuring that the residents of Bottom engaged in productive work for their survival. If Sula would have directed her energy to something else, maybe something a little more worthwhile would have resulted. Racial prejudice is highlighted when Jude is denied a chance to engage in the building of anew bridge, because of the color of his skin; he is denied the opportunity even though he is willing to do something productive. He stands in line for six days while the white boys get an opportunity to build the new River Road, his job at the hotel is demeaning and an insult to his masculinity. The scarcity of job opportunities remains to be the why Eva and Hannah had very little chance of gainful employment. They had to contend with the injustices being meted out on them because they were females and most importantly black. To escape the pangs of hunger in the winter, they have to prepare canned food in the summer. The life of Sula Peace, her childhood and her death in 1941is surrounded by the inability of the environment to shape her into a good woman The black community residing in Medallion; the bottom is judgmental but not in any way assisting to solve the crisis within itself. Sula’s life story shows us how the community and family can shape somebodys identity. She not only displays how children are nurtured but also her later relationship with the same community who natured her. She is a strong independent character but the community does not see her positive potentiality. To go against these societal norms she is not married and she sleeps around. The Peace family has been frowned upon by the Bottom community. This could have elicited an element of antagonism from Sula because she does not follow accepted societal conventions but in this case she is the protagonist and not the community. The novel poses her as the central character and the community constitutes only bits and pieces that seem to knit her life together in a predetermined fashion from the time of her birth to death. If change is to take place the community remains the playing field and Sula undoubtedly remains one of the players in the field. Whether she deserved to be rewarded for fearlessly instigating the rethinking process is not a matter of discussion as it is evident that her one and truly friend had in her own way knowingly or unknowingly lent credit to her stance in life by crying over her grave at the cemetery after realizing what Sula stood for. The character Sula is structure less, that any character interaction with her only invokes an element of structurelessness. This is because philosophically her evil is not her own but a reflection of what had been unknowingly imparted in her. Fortunately, her story is one where what is regarded as evil triggered change in the society. In analyzing one of the important masterpieces in the history of black American writing it is prudent to expunge on the growth of protagonism and non conformism in the society. The society’s vilification of the heroine Sula who does not fit into the society’s conformation of a heroine is a classic example of the inability of a people to look within themselves and try to solve the problems within its own structures. Works Cited Daniel Dawkins: A Character Analysis of Sula; Considering Morrisons Main Character as the Protagonist. 2008http://african-american

Analysis of Attack Tree Process

Analysis of Attack Tree Process When analyzing the security threats to a system the system analyst is forced to rely on an Ad hoc brainstorming process (Schneier, 2004, p. 318) to try and conceptualize what purposes an attacker could have in targeting a system and the methods they could use to carry out their attack. The limitation to the ad hoc approach is that the analyst could miss an area of potential vulnerability or even focus available resources on an attack that is extremely unlikely leaving the door wide open for more likely attacks to occur. The Attack Tree process developed by Bruce Schneier seeks to replace existing ad hoc processes with one that provides a process for evaluating the threats of an attack against a system and what procedures can be put in place to prevent them (p. 318). The process seeks to first identify an attackers goal and then analyzes the methods they could use to accomplish their goal so resources are assigned appropriately. In an Attack Trees, attacks against a system are represented by a tree structure with the goal as the root node and different ways of achieving that goal as leaf nodes (p. 318). The Importance of Using an Attack Tree Process An Attack Tree process is a useful tool to try and analyze the different ways an attacker could achieve their goal. There are several benefits / advantages that can be attributed to a well developed process in the case of Attack Trees you could: Create an multi input iterative process: An Attack Tree enables a system analyst to implement a process where people with different backgrounds / skill sets can add their input to help analyze possible threats and what can be done to negate these threats. Since the process is also iterative you can ensure that it is continually improved upon, this is important because it is unlikely that the attackers are not continually improving their methods. Capture and reuse the process for future projects: In capturing the information created from a process you could ensure that the next time a system is being developed you will have a repository to look to for reference on potential security threats and methods of dealing with them. Since the system analyst is not working from scratch there is a saving of time and money. In creating and reusing a process you also help ensure consistency and reliability. Compute the risk of a type of attack: Different attacks have different probabilities of occurring as well as have different costs associated with them. If an attack is low gain but has a high cost of prevention it wont be worth it to prevent against it (Buldas, Laud, Priisalu, Saarepera and Willemson, 2006) Can be broken down in to multiple pieces: By creating a scalable process you dont have to have someone who is an expert in every single area instead you could have subject matter experts look at the system and offer their input. The Latest Developments in Attack Tree Processes Since Schneier introduced the concept of Attack Trees (1999) several other researchers have worked to fine tune the process. Buldas et al. have offered a more accurate estimate of the probability of an attack and how it in turn influences the cost of preventing against such an attack (2006). By exploring what sort of profit an attacker could gain from conducting the attack (e.g. stealing a competitors designs) and weighing the profit against the cost of the attack (e.g. going to jail) the system analyst will be able to see if reward is proportional to the risk the attacker takes. If an attacker feels that the reward is not proportional to the risk involved, then the probability of an attack occurring is reduced and in turn the resources required to protect the system from such an attack could be reduced as well. Practical examples of industries that could benefit from using an Attack Tree methodology have also been outlined. Sommestad, Ekstedt and NordstrÃÆ'Â ¶m (2009) have written a framework for the practical application of using Attack Trees along with other processes to manage the security of power communication systems. Since power generation is a cornerstone of societys critical infrastructure (Sommestad et al., 2009, p. 1) the protection of the Wide Area Networks that support them is a top priority. However security for such a system is complicated by factors such as; systems of varying age, different levels of criticality and geographical positioning of such systems. Attack Trees in Relation to My Personally Experience When I took a course in Project Management I read an article Secrets to Creating the Exclusive Accurate Estimate. The author mentioned that a project manager should know that a project without risk analysis is useless (Gray, 2001). Before we set up countermeasures to mitigate the risks, we need to know what the threats are. The fundamental concept of an Attack Tree process is to analyze the relation between cause and consequence of malicious attraction. Analyzing the cause and effect of an action is a skill I frequently use to make effective decisions. I list all possible options, analyze the outcome of each option, and estimate the cost I will pay for choosing a particular option. For instance, I would like to eliminate the mice in my apartment. I can use mouse poison, a glue trap, or hire a professional. There are various brands of mouse poisons and glue traps available on the shelves. I might need do some research to analyze their effectiveness and the environmental impact once I used them. Also, if I dont want to see or dispose of the body of the mouse, the glue trap might not be a good choice. Hiring a professional could be an efficient option, but it might cost me a lot. Based on my budget and other relative factors, I can build up an Attack Tree for my Mouse War and use it to assist me to make the best decision. However, the true value of an Attack Tree lies in its ability to assist people in analyzing factors of vulnerability and estimating the feasibility of practices with more complex circumstances such as the incorporation of a networking system. Moreover since Attack Trees provide a systematic methodology which is traceable and reusable it means that not only will the analyst who developed the Attack Tree process be able to utilize it, but they could also hand down the process to others (Network Security Technologies, I., 2005). Once a basic template has been completed such as an Attack Tree for a virus attack, this Attack Tree could be reused as a branch in a more complex model. The analyst doesnt have to rebuild it iteratively. The Potential of Attack Trees to Impact Business The IT industry, today, is expanding at an immense rate. Meanwhile, the tricks used by attackers improve at a pace beyond which we can imagine. Not only do businesses that are heavily invested in IT have to evolve to fight these malicious threats, but also all business are supposed to equip themselves with the ability to deal with emerging threats. Intuition and experience can help a security analyst anticipate a vicious attack and reduce the damage from it (Ingoldsby, T. R., 2009). However, the modes of attack are innovating quickly and both intuition and experience are hard to pass to others. So, business needs a process-based tool such as an Attack Tree to analyze threats. Moreover, Attack Trees could be a bridge to connect an experienced analyst with others (Ingoldsby, T. R., 2009). An analyst created Attack Tree could explain the rationale behind their process and people could learn and extract intelligence from the Attack Trees. As a result of adopting an Attack Tree process, security analysts could build a more efficient communication mechanism. In addition, one of the features of Attack Trees is reusability, while performing risk-analysis, it is not necessary to re-build a new Attack Tree process. A security analyst just needs to retrieve a comparative already designed Attack Trees process and trim it to fit the new mission. For a business this procedure not only saves time and money, but also helps improves the process. Since we are creating an Attack Tree based on old one, it is a way to accumulate experience to make the new Attack Tree more comprehensive. Companies no matter if they are IT related or not, are concerned about internet security issues. Some of them will look to an IT consulting firm for advice. Therefore, some IT consulting firms introduce Attack Tree to their clients. You can easily surf their website and acquire the explicit knowledge of Attack Tree, for instance, the website of Amenaza (http://www.amenaza.com/methodology_2.php). Moreover, some companies have developed a unique Threat Risk Analysis (TRA) methodology based on the Attack Tree process (Amenaza Technologies Limited, 2009). Although this could be perceived as an extension of Attack Trees, these consulting firms possess exclusive knowledge of Attack Tree processes which will help them build up their reputation. Conclusion Malicious internet attacks happen every day. The best approach to protect yourself is to forecast an attackers behavior before the disaster happens. There could be thousands of types of feasibility threats, such as; virus infections, a hacking attack, an internal attack, etc so we need a methodology to manage the TRA. An Attack Tree could be a powerful tool if it is properly implemented. References Schneier, B. (2004). Secrets and lies: digital security in a networked world. Wiley. Buldas, A, Laud, P, Priisalu, J, Saarepera , M, Willemson, J. (2006). Rational Choice of Security Measures via Multi-Parameter Attack Trees. Critical Information Infrastructures Security, 4347. Sommestad, T, Ekstedt, M, NordstrÃÆ'Â ¶m, L. (2009). modeling security of power communication systems using defense graphs and influence diagrams. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 24(4), Schneier, B. (1999). Attack trees. Dr. Dobbs journal , 24(12), Gray, N. S. (2001, August). Secrets to Creating the Exclusive Accurate Estimate. PM Network, 4. Network Security Technologies, I. (2005). Attack Tree/Threat Modeling Methodology. from http://www.netsectech.com/services/attack_tree_methodology.pdf Ingoldsby, T. R. (2009, Jan., 16). Attack Tree Analysis. Red Team, from http://redteamjournal.com/2009/01/attack-tree-analysis/ Amenaza Technologies Limited. (2009). Amenaza SecurlTree. from http://www.amenaza.com/downloads/docs/SCMagazine20-Nov2009-Amenaza.pdf

Silent prayer :: essays research papers fc

A majority of Americans have been exposed to or heard of marijuana. Marijuana is a common drug among all age groups of Americans. It was once legal and still popular. The US government and citizens have now raised the question if this party drug that is know to relax the body and mind should be legalized in the United States (â€Å"What are the Pro’s and Con’s of Marijuana Use† par. 1). Marijuana is derived from the dried leaves of a hemp plant called cannabis sativa. Already legal for medicinal use in California and Arizona, many are trying to make marijuana available to all Americans of legal age. The debate on the legalization of marijuana has been going on for several years within the government. The reason why this issue has been so hard to resolve is that there is a multitude of arguments supporting both sides of the debate. Money plays an important role in supporting the legalization of marijuana. Possession of marijuana as a criminal offense costs the taxpayers billions of dollars. This money goes into anti-drug advertisement and action plans, the enforcing of the law, and also all the money spent to keep all the marijuana drug offenders in the prison system (Libertarian Party 7). It could be better used for action against drugs that are more harmful than marijuana like crack cocaine, LSD, or heroin. These drugs pose a bigger health threat than marijuana (Libertarian Party 7). 2 Health issues are also an important aspect when arguing that marijuana should be legalized. There is never any guarantee as to the contents of the marijuana that is being bought off of drug dealers. Chances are that marijuana can contain many other various substances that are even worse for one’s health (Libertarian Party 4). If the government were to have control of the production of marijuana, the need for drug dealers would be eliminated, and the product that the consumers are receiving would be more pure (â€Å"What are the Pros and Cons of Marijuana Use†). The government control of marijuana would offer several other advantages. The cost of marijuana would be much lower if the government controlled the sell of it. Usually drug dealers charge very high prices for marijuana to satisfy their own greed. If marijuana were legalized, users would be purchasing marijuana from the government. It would be easier for the government to keep marijuana out of the hands of minors and eliminate the influences of black markets. Silent prayer :: essays research papers fc A majority of Americans have been exposed to or heard of marijuana. Marijuana is a common drug among all age groups of Americans. It was once legal and still popular. The US government and citizens have now raised the question if this party drug that is know to relax the body and mind should be legalized in the United States (â€Å"What are the Pro’s and Con’s of Marijuana Use† par. 1). Marijuana is derived from the dried leaves of a hemp plant called cannabis sativa. Already legal for medicinal use in California and Arizona, many are trying to make marijuana available to all Americans of legal age. The debate on the legalization of marijuana has been going on for several years within the government. The reason why this issue has been so hard to resolve is that there is a multitude of arguments supporting both sides of the debate. Money plays an important role in supporting the legalization of marijuana. Possession of marijuana as a criminal offense costs the taxpayers billions of dollars. This money goes into anti-drug advertisement and action plans, the enforcing of the law, and also all the money spent to keep all the marijuana drug offenders in the prison system (Libertarian Party 7). It could be better used for action against drugs that are more harmful than marijuana like crack cocaine, LSD, or heroin. These drugs pose a bigger health threat than marijuana (Libertarian Party 7). 2 Health issues are also an important aspect when arguing that marijuana should be legalized. There is never any guarantee as to the contents of the marijuana that is being bought off of drug dealers. Chances are that marijuana can contain many other various substances that are even worse for one’s health (Libertarian Party 4). If the government were to have control of the production of marijuana, the need for drug dealers would be eliminated, and the product that the consumers are receiving would be more pure (â€Å"What are the Pros and Cons of Marijuana Use†). The government control of marijuana would offer several other advantages. The cost of marijuana would be much lower if the government controlled the sell of it. Usually drug dealers charge very high prices for marijuana to satisfy their own greed. If marijuana were legalized, users would be purchasing marijuana from the government. It would be easier for the government to keep marijuana out of the hands of minors and eliminate the influences of black markets.

Key Aspects of Surrealism Inaugurated by Max Ernst

Key Aspects of Surrealism Inaugurated by Max Ernst Amrit Johal, 301102319 FPA 111: D109 (Anna-Marie) Research Essay, Fall 2010 Max Ernst, an inventive artist and one of the pioneers of the Surrealist movement, was able to project the ideas of Surrealism to his audience in a very efficient manner. Surrealism is a discipline, which allows one to think like a child and create art that brings you to a dream-like state.Ernst was able to accomplish this by creating images one can only imagine seeing in a dream, such as his ‘Angel of Heart and Home’ series. As well as by piecing things together which would not typically be put together (collages), such as his Oedipus Rex. Ernst’s work, Oedipus Rex(1922) and L’ange du Foyer(1937), are crucial works of art for the Surrealist movement and  inaugurated many of the important characteristics associated with Surrealist art. Surrealism Surrealism is a cultural movement and artistic style that emerged in 1924 in the hand s of Andre Breton.Surrealism style uses visual imagery from the subconscious mind to create art without the intention of logical comprehensibility. Breton defines Surrealism as a â€Å"psychic automatism in its pure state, by which one proposes to express – verbally, by means of the written word, or in any other manner – the actual reason, exempt from any aesthetic or moral concern† (Breton in Harrison, 2003, pg. 452). It is meant to bring the viewer to a dream like state, where a sense of freedom can be achieved, as it would in childhood.Breton said that â€Å"the mind which plunges into Surrealism relives with glowing excitement the best part of its childhood†¦[it is] childhood where everything nevertheless conspires to bring about the effective, risk-free possession of oneself† (Breton in Harrison, 2003, pg. 452). He says that it is Surrealism that gives you a second chance to be like a child, it is another opportunity. Although Surrealism, in a s ense, emerged from Dada, the two practices are different in many ways. Dada took an anti-art stance, avoiding repetition and therefore the creation of a style.Although it did not seek a common style, Surrealism, however, had none of the nihilism of the earlier movement but was concerned with a redefinition of painting, with transgression rather than proscription (Rewald & Spies, 2005, pg. 11). Crevel describes Surrealism beautifully as being â€Å"for the mind a truly magnificent and almost unhoped for victory, to possess [a] new liberty, [a] leaping of the imagination [†¦] smashing the bars of reason’s cage, and bird that it is, obedient to the voice of the wind† (Crevel in Spalding, 1979, pg. 28).For Ernst, â€Å"the fundamental opposition between meditation and action coincides with the fundamental separation between the outer and inner worlds† (Ernst in Hofmann et al, 1973, pg. 23). It is here, Ernst believes, that the universal significance of Surr ealism lies, and that no part in life is closed to it (Ernst in Hofmann et al, 1973, pg. 23). Ernst’s art showcased his fascination with Surrealism through his many great works of art including Oedipus Rex and L’ange du Foyer. Max Ernst Max Ernst was a German painter, sculptor, graphic artist, and poet.A prolific artist, Ernst is considered to be one of the primary pioneers of the Dada movement and Surrealism. He was born in Bruhl, Germany. In 1909, he enrolled in the University at Bonn to study philosophy but soon abandoned these courses to pursue his interest in art. In 1913 he met Guillaume Apollinaire and Robert Delaunay and traveled to the Montparnasse Quarter in Paris, France where a gathering of artists from around the globe was taking place. In 1919 he visited Paul Klee and created his first paintings, block prints and collages, and experimented with mixed media.During World War I he served in the German army and after the war, filled with new ideas, Max Ernst, Jean Arp and social activist Alfred Grunwald, formed the Cologne, Germany Dada group. Constantly experimenting, in 1925 he invented frottage, a technique using pencil rubbings of objects. Following the outbreak of World War II, Max Ernst was detained as an enemy alien but with the assistance of the American journalist Varian Fry in Marseille, he managed to escape the country with Peggy Guggenheim. They arrived in the United States in 1941.Living in New York City, along with Marcel Duchamp and Marc Chagall, fellow avant-garde painters who had fled the War in Europe, Max Ernst helped inspire the use of Abstract expressionism among American painters (Camfield, 1993). Ernst turned away from the idea of the artist as creator as well as from the myth of ‘artistic talent. ’ For Ernst, the artist is only indirectly responsible for the creation of the work of art: â€Å"The old view of ‘talent’ [†¦] has been thrown out, just as the adoration of the hero [â₠¬ ¦] has been thrown out† (Spies, 2006, pg. 27). A sense of humor permeates his canvases and collages, none more so than in his renditions of natural phenomena. Interested in plants and in their life cycles, he permits his sense of the mythical to prevail. Trees gods, spirits and fantastic animals are everywhere in his canvases†(Stern, 2009).Oedipus Rex Oedipus Rex was one of Ernst’s first paintings in which he was able to successfully transfer the techniques of combination, assemblage and collage to large-scale painting. The picture is given the impression of a collage by the use of hard outlines and the dry appearance of the paint (Bischoff, 2003, pg. 3). Gimferrer notes that Ernst was able to expound the conception, mechanics and techniques of collage. His collages were able to sustain the principle of the union of two dissociated situations in the strictly Dadaist or Surrealist manner. This technique seems to stem from Max Ernst and is â€Å"applied to the ve ry nucleus of consciousness [and] to the notion of personal identity† (Gimferrer, 1983, pg. 5-6). The spatial situation of Oedipus Rex is, to some extent, unclear due to the initial context of the picture. Here objects differing in scale are arranged in a setting indicated by architectonic elements.A device for marking chicks is pierced through a hand extended through a window and through the nut it is holding. The nut, which has been cracked open, resembles an eye, bringing to mind Luis Bunuel’s film Un Chien Andalou. Two birds are to be seen looking out of a hole in the stage in the foreground, prevented from withdrawing their head by palings and length of string (or halter) tied to the horns of one of them (Bischoff, 2003, pg. 23). Bischoff claims, â€Å"the desire for forbidden fruit (indicated by the hand which has reached for the nut) and curiosity (for the birds have put their head through the opening in rder to see something) are immediately punished† (Bi schoff, 2003, pg. 23). Schneede, on the other hand, understands Oedipus Rex as being â€Å"held in check by a halter [†¦] and by palings. † He says that â€Å"living creatures exist [†¦] in a rigid state of suspended animation [and that] the saw cleaves no trace of cut marks behind† (Schneede, 1972, pg. 50). Moreover, Schneede agrees with Bischoff, in that the cleaved nut resembles an eye, anticipating the opening sequence of Bunuel’s film, Un Chien Andalou.There are numerous allusions to the Oedipus legend of classical antiquity, says Bischoff, a myth, which has retained its validity throughout the history of mankind, for the motifs of vision, blindness and piercing, are all present (Bischoff, 2003, pg. 23). Although there are many understandings of this work of art, it can still be difficult to understand the meaning of it to the extent the Ernst had intended. For Spies, pictures such as Oedipus Rex compel us to search in vain for some key that might help us to explain them. And that in doing so, we get no closer to the meaning.He goes on to say that â€Å"it is important to recognize that even precise knowledge of the sources Ernst made use of for his collages and paintings does not help us understand them, for he cut away and obscured the meaning of the original image in the course of making his own work† (Rewald & Spies, 2005, pg. 4). L’ange du Foyer Max Ernst’s L’ange du Foyer is another one of his ground breaking pieces in which a â€Å"gigantic bird-like or dragon-like creature [is] launching into a terrible jump over a plain† (Bischoff, 2003, pg. 60). The smaller secondary figure is trying to hold the monster back.The painting projects a vivid sense of danger and total destructiveness. â€Å"The monster’s violent nature is perfectly clear from its menacing claws, its fluttering garments in glowing colours, its expansive gestures, with its raised left hand making some kind of magical sign, and it’s enraged stomping in front of a low-lying horizon† (Rewald & Spies, 2005, pg. 28). The gesture of the outstretched arms is more expansive but does not seem so menacing, inasmuch as it does not threaten to burst the boundaries of the picture. The monster appears not to be acting so much as reacting to something.A number of details that Rewald pointed out are as follows: â€Å"On the creatures right foot in the Munich picture is a house slipper – an allusion to the title L’ange du Foyer (Fire Side Angle), whereas in the large canvas it is a horses hoof, suggesting the devil. His right hand, lacking the long claws of the other beast, still has some resemblance to human anatomy. His left arm, by contrast, appears to dissolve into vegetable forms. The fluttering drapery on this arm can be interpreted as an object: it calls to mind a blood red executioners ax. And the monster’s grimace is hideously repulsive.Thus, terror is not entirely banished from the smaller picture† (Rewald & Spies, 2005, pg. 29). Attached to an arm and a leg of the beast in the painting is a small, no less monstrous creature that seems more amphibian. Rewald describes the creature as having a â€Å"gaping birds beak and long frog legs,† she says that â€Å"it combines irreconcilable elements [of] air and water† (Rewald & Spies, 2005, pg. 29). In addition, the obviously female creature exudes a crude eroticism: her thick thighs are spread far apart, exposing a button-like sex organ.And according to Rewald, it is impossible to overlook her obscene gesture, which has infuriated the trampling beast and caused him to leap so high (Rewald & Spies, 2005, pg. 29). Despite the individual differences, says Bischoff, all the themes and subjects of Max Ernst’s work had a political dimension (Bischoff, 2003, pg. 57), none more so than his L’ange du Foyer. This painting consisted of three versions, ca lled the ‘Angel of Heart and Home’ series. The ‘Angel of Heart and Home’ is an ironic title, Ernst says, for a kind of â€Å"juggernaut, which crushes and destroys all that comes in its path.That was my impression at the time of what would probably happen in the world, and I was right (about WWII)† (Ernst in Schneede, 1972, pg. 154). The monster is seen as being driven solely by an instinct for power, he represents a variety of governmental, military, and ecclesiastical authorities, crushing and killing everything that stands in his way, especially women. In 1938, Ernst gave the picture, for a time, the title ‘The Triumph of Surrealism,’ â€Å"a despairing reference to the fact that the Surrealists with their Communist ideas had been unable to do anything to resist Fascism† (Schneed, 1972, pg. 54). Ernst’s additions to Surrealism Max Ernst, a primary pioneer of the Dada movement and Surrealism has, through his art, brought us to a dream-like state time and time again. Surrealism is meant to bring us to our inner child, and exercise our imaginations. In practicing this discipline, Ernst was able to eliminate the notion of artist as creator as well as the idea of ‘artistic talent. ’ Through experimentation and his skillfulness, he was able to deliver us many great works of art, including Oedipus Rex and L’ange du Foyer.Oedipus Rex was the first time Ernst was able to transfer the technique of collage to a large-scale painting, and through this work he permeated the idea that the desire for the ‘forbidden fruit’ or curiosity is, many times, immediately punished (Bischoff, 2003). With L’ange du Foyer, Ernst deliberately made a reference to war, projecting a vivid sense of danger and destructiveness. He was able to bring his ideas on war to a surreal, phantasmagorical state. Oedipus Rex(1922) and L’ange du Foyer(1937) are a couple of the most important additio ns to the Surrealist movement. Ernst, through these works, was able to establish many significant elements linked to Surrealism including the use of collage and bringing the audience to a dream like state with his overtly spine-chilling creations.References Bischoff, U. (2003). Max Ernst : 1891-1976 Beyond Painting. (J. Harrison, Trans. ) Koln, Germany: Taschen. Camfield, W. A. (1993). Max Ernst: Dada and the Dawn of Surrealisn. Munich: Prestel. Gimferrer, P. (1983). Max Ernst. New York: Rizzoli International Publications Inc. Harrison, C. (2003). Art in Theory 1900-2000. US: Wiley-Blackwell. Hofmann, W. , Schmied, W. & Spies, W. (1973). Max Ernst, Inside the Sight. Houton, Texas: Institute for the Arts, Rice University. Rewald, S. , & Spies, W. (2005). Max Ernst : A Retrospective. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Schneede, U. M. (1972). The essential Max Ernst. (R. W. Last, Trans. ) London: Thames and Hudson. Spalding, J. J. (1979). Max Ernst: from the Collection o f Mr. and Mrs. Jimmy Ernst. Clagary, Alberta: Glenbow Museum. Spies, W. (2006). Max Ernst: Life and Work. London: Thames and Hudson. Stern, F. (2009, January). Surrealism: The Alternate Reality. CPI. Q (Canadian Periodicals) .

Free Essays on Juvenile Justice Reform

Juvenile justice reform is a big issue in today’s juvenile justice department. The fact that more and more juveniles are getting into more serious crimes today has become a problem. The key factor is what is the government and society going to do about the problem that must be taken care of? In this paper the fact of the matter is what is the cause of this problem and what methods are being taking to end it. Certification is a method of trying to stop delinquency. But is it right to send children who are fourteen years old to prison? Where and when does violent behavior begin? It will be discussed in this paper on what signs to look for in a delinquent. Mary Craft, Judge of the 314th District Court in Houston says, â€Å"The juvenile justice system in Texas actually is progressive, compared to those in other states.†(Houston Chronicle Magazine 2) In Texas children as young as fourteen can be certified. In some states there is no age limits, and children of any age can be certified. Craft says that she would actually prefer other forms of punishment rather than certification in many cases. Craft states that, â€Å" No question; I see it every day,† Craft says. â€Å" The reality is this: There are more Anglo families that are middle class and have middle-class values and supervise their kids at home than there are in the minority community.† She says that judges are not penalizing people because they are minorities. Crafts says that she is very sensitive to the issue. High-crime neighborhoods are characterized by high rates of families abandoned by fathers. â€Å"The type of aggression and hostility demonstrated by a future criminal often is foreshadowed in unusual aggressiveness as early as age five or six.† (Congressional Digest p.201 1) Behavior that is demonstrated at an early age is beginning abusiveness to siblings and animals. Not getting alone with other children could be a good example of behavior that co... Free Essays on Juvenile Justice Reform Free Essays on Juvenile Justice Reform Juvenile justice reform is a big issue in today’s juvenile justice department. The fact that more and more juveniles are getting into more serious crimes today has become a problem. The key factor is what is the government and society going to do about the problem that must be taken care of? In this paper the fact of the matter is what is the cause of this problem and what methods are being taking to end it. Certification is a method of trying to stop delinquency. But is it right to send children who are fourteen years old to prison? Where and when does violent behavior begin? It will be discussed in this paper on what signs to look for in a delinquent. Mary Craft, Judge of the 314th District Court in Houston says, â€Å"The juvenile justice system in Texas actually is progressive, compared to those in other states.†(Houston Chronicle Magazine 2) In Texas children as young as fourteen can be certified. In some states there is no age limits, and children of any age can be certified. Craft says that she would actually prefer other forms of punishment rather than certification in many cases. Craft states that, â€Å" No question; I see it every day,† Craft says. â€Å" The reality is this: There are more Anglo families that are middle class and have middle-class values and supervise their kids at home than there are in the minority community.† She says that judges are not penalizing people because they are minorities. Crafts says that she is very sensitive to the issue. High-crime neighborhoods are characterized by high rates of families abandoned by fathers. â€Å"The type of aggression and hostility demonstrated by a future criminal often is foreshadowed in unusual aggressiveness as early as age five or six.† (Congressional Digest p.201 1) Behavior that is demonstrated at an early age is beginning abusiveness to siblings and animals. Not getting alone with other children could be a good example of behavior that co...