The Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance and Octopus Card System  Essay Example

The Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance and Octopus Card System  Ã‚   Essay The Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance and Octopus Card System  Ã‚   Lam Ka Chun 3035069794 The University of Hong Kong CCST9029 Cyberspace Crime: Technology and Ethics Dr. K. P. Chow Ms. Chan Vivien Pui Shan Abstract This article is about the leakage of data of the Octopus card company. In 2010 , Octopus sold the information of their clients to 6 companies for promotion and made a profit of 44 million Hong Kong dollars over 4. 5 years . In view of the case of Octopus case, this article will go through three part to study it : technical aspect, ethical aspect and legal aspect. It will also suggest feasible suggestions. The dis-honest company led a leakage of personal data: Octopus Card Company Introduction of Octopus card company According to the statistics, 95% of those between the ages of 16 and 65 have an Octopus and Octopus processes over 12 million transactions a day. The card is accepted by more than 100 transportation service providers and 160 retailers, including 7-Eleven, Starbucks, and Park Shop. It can also be used at pay phones, photo booths, and parking garages. This reveals that the octopus is commonly and widely used. Also implied that the leakage of personal data influences a lot of people. Technical Issue In terms of technical Issue, Octopus card is a rechargeable contactless stored value smart card used widely in transportation and retail business. How can it transfer the money without contact? It is because it used the technique of Radio  Frequency  Identification (RFID). We will go into deeper of the RFID. RFID is the use of a wireless non-contact system that uses radio-frequency electromagnetic fields to transfer data from a tag attached to an object, for the purposes of automatic identification and tracking. We will write a custom essay sample on The Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance and Octopus Card System  Ã‚   specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance and Octopus Card System  Ã‚   specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance and Octopus Card System  Ã‚   specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Octopus card requires no battery and are powered and read at short ranges via magnetic fields (electromagnetic induction). The tag contains electronically stored information which can be read from up to several meters (yards) away. Unlike a bar code, the tag does not need to be within line of sight of the reader and may be embedded in the tracked object. RFID tags are also used in many industries. An RFID tag attached to an automobile during production can be used to track its progress through the assembly line. Pharmaceuticals can be tracked through warehouses. Livestock and pets may have tags injected, allowing positive identification of the animal. Ethical Issue In terms of the ethical issue, there are a few points we would like to discuss. Firstly it is whether there is too much personal information required in the client agreement. The Octopus Company was questioned about if the personal information required on the client agreement was too much. The complainer claimed that the necessary information required by the scheme is actually just name and Octopus card number. Also, the client agreement was not user-friendly, because the text was too small, almost unreadable and the whole statement is too long and clumsy. But on the other hand, nowadays Hong Kong citizen are easily give out their information without knowing how the information will be used. The awareness of protection their personal data is too weak. Its always customers duty to read the whole statement no matter how not user-friendly it is because it should be themselves to protect their own privacy. Legal Issue The Octopus Card Company has actually sued the Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance. The company collected excessive personal data for the purpose of customer authentication and it failed to take all reasonably practicable steps to ensure that the applicants were explicitly informed of the classes of persons to whom the data may be transferred. Also, the company shared members personal data with third parties for monetary gains without their consent. The provision of data for monetary gain was not expressly stated in the Terms and Condition. This incident has actually highlighted the inadequacies of the present Ordinance as public expectation in data privacy raises, especially those in conjunction with business activities. Therefore, the government has amended the ordinance in 2012 to protect data users right. Six data protection principles: Principle 1 – purpose and manner of collection of personal data Principle 2 – accuracy and duration of retention of personal data Principle 3 – use of personal data Principle 4 – security of personal data Principle 5 – information to be generally available Principle 6 – access to personal data DPP1 and DPP3 are violated. Since the octopus company sold the data of their clients, the purpose of collection of personal data is different from what the pubic thought about. Also, there is no direct related to octopus system when the data is used. Therefore, use of personal data is also violated. Suggestion There are four suggestions which can help protecting personal data. First and foremost, due to the little attention to protect their own information of the citizen, the government should educate the citizen to build up the idea of protecting personal data. Second, improvements can be made in the security and privacy systems of companies to ensure low unintended data leakage. Third, government should make the rule stricter and clearer in order not to let the companies escape the law. Forth, set up a department to investigate among the all the companies to check whether there is similar issue happened. In conclusion, it is a fact that once our personal data has been leaked, it is not possible to stop the spreading of the data. It is both, companies, government and citizens’ responsibilities to protect our personal data. Reference Websites: http://healthymethod. blogspot. hk/2011/06/octopus-card-scandal. html http://www. cdeclips. com/en/hongkong/fullstory. html? id=49560 http://www. octopus. com. k/octopus-for-businesses/benefits-for-your-business/en/index. html A video of RFID http://www. explania. com/en/channels/technology/detail/what-is-rfid PDPOhttp://www. legislation. gov. hk/blis_pdf. nsf/6799165D2FEE3FA94825755E0033E532/B4DF8B4125C4214D482575EF000EC5FF/$FILE/CAP_486_e_b5. pdf Newspapers: The Standard, ‘Legco probe alert in Octopus data row’ 2/8/2010 The Standard, ‘Octopus chief tight-lipped as public says time to go’ 4/8/20 10 Articles: Richard MacManus (2 September 2009). Hong Kongs Octopus Card: Utility Outweighs Privacy Concerns.

Free Essays on Battle Of Jutland

The Battle of Jutland The Battle of Jutland (known as Skagerrak in Germany), fought between the British Grand Fleet and the German High Seas Fleet, was the largest surface naval battle of all time,and the only major fleet action of WWI. The Battle of Jutland played a key role in the demise of the reputation of battle-cruisers, saw the first use of a carrier based aircraft in battle, and is one of the most controversial naval actions in the Royal Navy's long history. The significance of this battle is so numerous and apparent that I decided to explain it in order to remember the great role it played and will play in sea battles from that point on. The Royal Navy started the war with a large advantage in capital ships over the Germans. The Germans realized that they were likely to lose a full fleet in battle and so they decided to even the odds by luring smaller parts of the Grand Fleet into traps to eventually bring about equality with the British, at which point they felt confident they would defeat them. They had planned to do this through careful battle tactics and pushing their large U-Boat fleet to its potential usage. In the spring of 1916 the U-Boat offensive against merchant shipping was restricted to prize rules, giving Scheer, the German Commander in Chief, more submarines than usual to use against warships. One of the tactics used was to station them off the major British naval basses and then entice the Grand Fleet out of harbor and over the waiting U-Boats. Initially, Scheer planned to raid Sunderland to draw out the Grand Fleet, but this relied on Zeppelin scouting and the weather ruled this out, so an alternati ve plan was used. He decided to send the battle-cruisers to the Skagerrak (the sea between southern Norway and Denmark), threatening British patrols and merchant ships in the area. This is when it got interesting. On the morning of May 31st the German High Seas Fleet made for sea hell bent on achieving their mis... Free Essays on Battle Of Jutland Free Essays on Battle Of Jutland The Battle of Jutland The Battle of Jutland (known as Skagerrak in Germany), fought between the British Grand Fleet and the German High Seas Fleet, was the largest surface naval battle of all time,and the only major fleet action of WWI. The Battle of Jutland played a key role in the demise of the reputation of battle-cruisers, saw the first use of a carrier based aircraft in battle, and is one of the most controversial naval actions in the Royal Navy's long history. The significance of this battle is so numerous and apparent that I decided to explain it in order to remember the great role it played and will play in sea battles from that point on. The Royal Navy started the war with a large advantage in capital ships over the Germans. The Germans realized that they were likely to lose a full fleet in battle and so they decided to even the odds by luring smaller parts of the Grand Fleet into traps to eventually bring about equality with the British, at which point they felt confident they would defeat them. They had planned to do this through careful battle tactics and pushing their large U-Boat fleet to its potential usage. In the spring of 1916 the U-Boat offensive against merchant shipping was restricted to prize rules, giving Scheer, the German Commander in Chief, more submarines than usual to use against warships. One of the tactics used was to station them off the major British naval basses and then entice the Grand Fleet out of harbor and over the waiting U-Boats. Initially, Scheer planned to raid Sunderland to draw out the Grand Fleet, but this relied on Zeppelin scouting and the weather ruled this out, so an alternati ve plan was used. He decided to send the battle-cruisers to the Skagerrak (the sea between southern Norway and Denmark), threatening British patrols and merchant ships in the area. This is when it got interesting. On the morning of May 31st the German High Seas Fleet made for sea hell bent on achieving their mis...

The Curious Case Of Benjamin Button (Historical) PowerPoint Presentation

The Curious Case Of Benjamin Button (Historical) - PowerPoint Presentation Example People then were impartial to slavery, â€Å"nativism and religious beliefs. â€Å"(Baltimore† n.d.) The birth of Benjamin came at a time when people have no knowledge of medical research and science, and the phenomenon that happened in the story was not understood. Even medical science books did not provide information about the advanced stage of mind and body of Benjamin when he was born. Since people are bound by religious beliefs, a baby born out of the ordinary situation is a clear sensation in such a small community of Antebellum, Baltimore. Population of Baltimore in 1860 was only 212,000 but the city was bustling in economy because of trade brought about by the railways and steamships, and the first translantic cable system. (â€Å"Baltimore†) The family of Benjamin was one of the elites in the society and they had anticipated the birth of their son with much enthusiasm. This is the time too that discrimination is rife because of the existence of the black slavery. Discrimination is shown in the story not by the color of Benjamin’s skin but by his physical appearance that led to his non-acceptance to Yale. Yale and Harvard are the two most prominent schools most wealthy families send their children for schooling, but it could be seen that there are also student discriminations on these two colleges. The period of 1869 to 1896 was the construction boom in Baltimore. Construction of housing became the major factor in Baltimore’s economy. (â€Å"Baltimore†) It is assumed that this is the time where Benjamin took control of the hardware business of the family that gave them immense wealth. By that, it is calculated he is 20 years old with looks of a 50 year old man when he began to help his father in their business. Baltimore, during the time of the story, was torn by a civil war. It was also agog with politics that kept people interested in their three party political system, powerful bosses, orchestrated political violence and the emergence of

NPOs Are Best Equipped To Deal with Environmental Problems Essay

NPOs Are Best Equipped To Deal with Environmental Problems - Essay Example This essay stresses that NGOs are a natural product of democracy and capitalism. The argument is that as market forces need increasing moderations of the law for their benefit, society naturally calls for social justice to equalize negative factors of market forces. One way is through environmental NGOs, whose operations are based on this relationship between market forces and environmental pollution. Considering the costs to offer better environmental quality are high, it is logical for ENGOs to decide not to deal with them directly. This report makes a conclusion that NPOs are the most trusted and credible source for advocacy against environmental degradation and its conservation. Environmental support entails petitioning states explicitly or implicitly to cause change in conduct that could assist the extrication or prevention of environmental crises. Outside interventions like conventions, authorizations, economic incentives, and national mediations like ethical suasion might spark these desired changes. Instances of high net expenses to the actor assuming the change as a duty, outside motivators can help lower these expenses. In such instances, a policy of ethical suasion assists the change of particular value systems and preferences, which is important in assuring any behavior change. ENGOs might enjoy greater reliability by states in advocating environmental conservation and spreading of information about environmental challenges, NPOs are credible amongst the people.

Movie Reflection Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Movie Reflection - Research Paper Example People enjoy watching those movies which are close to their dream world. Hence, different people like different genres of movies. People who are dominated by emotions like romantic movies, people who take life lightly enjoy comedies and people who are aggressive love to watch action movies. Movies are nothing but a mirror of an individual mind which is shaped by cultural beliefs, rituals, social environment, religion etc. Hence, analyzing or interpreting a movie is not an easy job. People project their internal make up on movies and choose watching those movies which are compatible with their emotional and psychological make up. Moreover, movie is not just about stories. It involves technical aspects like script, screenplay, sound, technology, light etc., which viewers are not aware of (Gordon, 1975, p.99). Hence, one has to keep in mind the technical aspects of a movie while analyzing one. However, as human being is trained to analyze things on the basis of his own point of view, th e factor that dominates the process of analysis is the internal psychological frame of mind of the analyst. This distorts the chances of analyzing a movie without prejudice and bias. Hence, an unbiased and honest analysis of a movie is possible only when the analyst is capable of being completely independent from projecting his personal ‘mind’ on the movie and, who understands the importance of the connection between the intention of the movie maker and the psychology of the audience for whom the movie is intended. Analysis And Interpretation Even though the words analysis and interpretation look similar in their meaning, there is a huge difference between them when they are applied to the art of understanding the movies (Metz, 2004, p. 7).

Toyota’s problem revealed

Toyota’s problem revealed 1. Abstract A system can be defined as a collection of interrelated parts that taken together form a whole system such that the collection has some purpose and a change in any parts leads to or result from change in some other part(s). Information system is organized system which comprises input unit, process unit and output unit with a feedback mechanism that receives raw data and converts into a sensible information. Management information system is a system that provides information for the management activities carried out within the organization. This system consists of hardware and software that accept data and store, process, and retrieve information. This information is selected and presented in a form suitable for managerial decision making and for the planning and monitoring of the organizations activities. Essential to the idea of a management information system is the ability to retrieve data and use it for the production of targeted information for different purposes. Much data will be stored as the result of transaction processing operations. It is important that this data is seen as a central resource for the entire management information system and not tied to the application that produced it. In order to achieve the objective of common availability, the data needs to be managed as a central resource. The software that creates this database and handles access to it is called a Database Management System. This ensures the data is controlled, consistent and available to provide information. The database serves as a permanent store for the results of transaction processing, as a temporary store during processing and as a store for the records of the transaction processing and the database is handled by the database management system software. This protects the database from direct contact with the application programs and maintains data consistency. 2. Toyotas Problem Revealed Toyota is all about the customer. Technology does not drive business processes at Toyota but the various systems employed in it like Toyota production system(TPS),Corporate Customer Information System, Just-In-Time System, Customer Relationship Mangement,Enterprise Resource Planning are, few systems to name ,which drive the business processes on Toyota.Psabilla (2006). Major problems faced by Toyota can be broadly classified into Organizational/Technical and Management Problem. 2.1 Organizational/technical problems at Toyota: 2.1.1 Problems with Corporate Customer Information System (CCIS) CCIS is a central repository of up-to-the-minute customer information linked to all transaction systems. CIS is designed around customers, providing information about the products and services they use and their relationships with other customers and the organization. CCIS can reduce the costs associated with redundant systems by functioning as a single, central point of entry for creation, inquiry and retrieval. Because it readily accepts information from a variety of systems, CCIS easily accommodates virtually any financial institutions system environment. In order to build and sustain a competitive edge, service organization need to strive to maintain a superior quality of services in an effort to gain customer loyality, hence improving customer retention rates.(Kadampully,1998) Many organizations find they are surrounded by data that come in variety of forms: records, instructions, design, blueprints, maps, image, sounds, metadata, detailed data, and summarized data, to name just a few. Yet much of it does not truly satisfy their information need. This information may be stored in places ranging from file cabinets to databases and from library shelves to the Internet. Todays organizations have achieved quantity of data and information, but not necessarily quality of either, meaning that the data or information lacks one or more vital characteristics necessary for it to be fit for use. Problems with the quality of data and information are further compounded by the struggle many organizations are experiencing as they try to improve their systems for knowledge management and organizational memory. This is the main area where Toyota had crucial problem. Toyotas database had several million records that had to be checked. Some database had wrong addresses, wrong vehicles, and wrong motors. 2.1.2 Information- and Data quality challenges Toyota relied on its Corporate Customer Information System to provide the information about its customers and other service problems. Data from system identified Lexus owners with troublesome tyres, and Toyota began mailing the owners cheques for $400 or more to replace troublesome tyres. But some of these cheques went to the people who did not even own a Lexus and one was mailed to a Toyotas auditor for a vehicle he no longer owned. These mistakes pointed to a massive data quality problem because the Corporate Customer Information System used customer data stored in 15 databases in different parts of the company. So the company had to bear a huge financial loss. 2.1.3 Root causes of poor data quality in the Corporate Customer Information System Multiple data sources: Multiple sources of the same information can contain different values for information, including values that were accurate at a prior point in time. Subjective judgment in data production: data collected using subjective judgments and technique can lead to biased information being recorder. Bypassing input rules and too strict input rules: bypassing database edit checking without careful examination may produce missing or error nous information when individuals either arbitrarily change a value to pass the edit check or skip entering the field. Input rules that are too strict may further encourage data entry clerks to seek ways to bypass onerous edit checks. Volume of data: Large volume of stored information may make it difficult to access information from multiple system Distributed heterogeneous systems: distributed heterogeneous systems can lead to inconsistent definitions, formats, and values as well as excessive time spent to select and aggregate information from multiple systems Researcher and practioners are continuing to discover and explain the roots causes of poor quality data so that the systems that collect, process, and disseminate data can be improved. One of the best examples of this type of research is an article by strong, lee, and Wang (1997) that identifies ten key problems that often lead to data-quality problems 2.1.4 Cost of poor data and information quality are difficult to quantify The costs associated with poor data and information quality are often difficult to quantify because they involve both tangible and intangible components. Without accurate cost estimates, organizations may not realize the impact that poor data and information quality is having on their bottom line and, therefore, improvement is not a priority. Knight(1992) Redman (2003) estimates that without an active quality program in place, the cost of poor data and information quality for a typical organization is about 20% of the revenue. Although the fear of bad publicity keeps many companies silent about this issues,Knight(1992).thats why,Toyata also suffered a huge financial loss due to decline in its sales revenue. The presence of poor quality data and information can lead to higher costs in several ways. First there is the cost of remedying the mistake caused by the poor quality data or information along with the cost of correcting the data or information problem itself. rectifying the harm caused by poor data and information quality may involve dealing with cleanup effort, loss of lives, valuable equipments or production time, rework, lawsuit or penalties, and costumer appeasements such as offering rebates or issuing apology letters. Redman (1996,1-16) also cities other quality-related expenses such as different department within the same organization maintaining their own stores of redundant information because no one trusts the information in the others data base: managers forming poorer, less-confident decisions that take longer to make; and organizational difficulties in adopting new technologies such as data warehouse or business- re- engineering projects. Beside causing additional expenses, the presence of poor quality data may cause revenue reduction due to dissatisfied customers and partners opting to do business with someone else.Dealing with the effects of poor quality data and information can frustrate employees, lower job satisfaction, and raise levels of organizational mistrust. In a tight labor market, organizations may find that poor quality data and information inhibit their ability to attract and retain skilled employees. All these findings are echoed by Hansen and Wang (1991), who found that data and information quality impact corperate profits by interfering with an organizations ability to deliver customer service, management support, and productivity gains. 2.2 Management Problem at Toyota â€Å"In Toyota, Technology plays a critical role by supporting, enabling and bringing to life on a mass scale the processes derived by adhering to Transaction Processing System(TPS).Over the years, Toyota refined a number of other concepts and production methods that support the two central TPS pillars.They are Just-in-time and Genchi Genbustsu(meaning- Go and see for yourself) . And behind each of those pillars are information systems, supporting and enabling the processes†-Evans,P(2002). Data and information quality represent an important and maturing area in the field of management information system. This pursuit is fraught with the challenges as organizations discover the difficulties surrounding the definition, measurement, analysis and improvement of quality for data and information. For the help in dealing these challenges, organizations can turn to a growing body of research on data and information quality. (Coleridge,S.T 2003). The major management challenges face by the Toyota is as follows: Financial Loss: The Company had a huge financial loss due to error on the customer information system. Company had to pay huge value for the customer service resulting into tangible loss for it. This introduced a financial risk to the company. Ineffective customer service and support: The Company offered monetary compensation to Lexus owners with troublesome tyres but unfortunately, it reached to such group of people who never owned such vehicles. On other side of the coin, the incentive never reached to deserving candidates. This action gave wrong message to the public. Customers were totally dissatisfied with the customer service and support system of the company resulting a problem in the customer retention program of the company. Ineffective decision support system: the poor quality data led to inaccurate information to transaction processing system. This resulted poor reports which are tools for decision making in the Management Information System. This entire problem resulted its effect on the company on its strategic planning area i.e. Executive Information System. Human Resource Problem: Huge number of employee had to recruited throughout various branches distributed in different geographical locations. Laying off these unnecessary workforce was a big problem to the company as they had to handle the distributed information system. 3. Management Initiative to solve the problem 3.1 Installation of Centralized Database: Toyotas management called for a single centralized customer database to solve the problem regarding the data quality. The advantages of a centralized database approach can be summarized in that it leads to a system where data management and control are more effective and the ability to share data is increased. Advantages of database can be summarized as follows: Data redundancy is reduced: In the application led, file based approach; data such as employee name may be unnecessarily duplicated in various files. This is a waste of storage and can be reduced, if not entirely eliminated, in a database system. Data consistency can be maintained: A corollary of the elimination of redundancy is that update inconsistency is reduced. Some inconsistency may result unless care is taken in database design, because some duplication of data is not eliminated. Independence of data and programs is possible: In the file based approach, the application programs are closely interdependent with the file structure. For example, the payroll programs will need to ‘know how the employee file is organized in order to access to records. It makes a great deal of difference whether the file is organized sequentially by employee# or organized with an employee# index. At the level of the record, the order of the fields and the length of each will probably need to be ‘known by the program. It is not possible to change the file organization or change the record structure without changing the program or program that access it. The program is dependent on the data. In a database system, many programs will share the same data. It is not desirable to require each program to be changed when there is a change in the physical form of storage of data.( changes in physical storage can be made for reasons of technical efficiency.) The database management system maintains the same view of the data to the accessing program no matter how the data may be reorganized physically on the disk. A logical view is presented to the user or user programs: following from the last point, it is clear that the view of the data presented to the users or user programs must be independent to the physical storage details it must be logical. Many database management systems allow different logical views of the same data to be presented to different users or programs. This is important as it frees programmers from a need to pay attention to the physical details of storage and allows them to concentrate on the applications to be coded. In the example covered earlier in this chapter, it is much easier for programmers to develop the cost allocation program if it is not necessary to consider the physical details of data retrieval. Program can concentrate on how to do a task, not on how to obtain the data to do Applications development is enhanced because data sharing is possible: The ability to use the database management system to retrieve data across the database in any required form once it has been stored opens up the range of applications for which the existing data can be used. Standards can be enforced: The factor that all access to data occurs via the database management system allows the individual responsible for this , the database administrator (DBA), to ensure that applications standards are followed in the representation of data. Security is more easily implemented: The DBA will control access to the database. The DBA can ensure that authorization code for users are set restricting their access to only parts of the database and for only for the functions (read,write,copy)that are legitimate to their data purposes. Databases allow more effective control over access than the dispersal of responsibility associated with file- based systems. However, a breach of security may lead to a greater risk, as more data is accessible than with a traditional file- based system. (Curtis,G.,Cobham,D.(2002) 3.2 Application of Informaticas Power Mart: Informatica is data integration software. Thousands of companies rely on the informaticas platform to lower the IT costs and gain greater business value from all their information assets both on-premise in traditional IT computing system and in the internet cloud. Two main elements of this software are : Data mining It is a collection of tools and techniques. It is one of the several technologies required to support a customer-centric enterprise. In broader sense, data mining is an attitude that business actions should be based on learning that informed decisions are better than uninformed decisions, and that measuring resulting is beneficial to the business. Data mining is also a process and methodology for applying the tool and techniques for effective relationship with its customers. (Berry, Michael J. A.Linoff, Gordon S. 2004) Data mining helped Toyota to identify the hidden trends in the database. Various software modules present in the data mining were used to realize the dependency of data and its relationship with other entities in the database repository. This helped Toyota to make decision in the real-time. Data Warehousing Data warehousing is a logical repository of an organizations electronically stored data. It fulfills the organizations need for reliable, consodiated,unique and reporting and analysis of its data at different levels within the organization. The practical reality of Toyota is that their data infrastructure was made up by a collection of heterogeneous systems like customer relationship management, Enterprise Resource planning, transaction processing system, decision support system etc, throughout all the branches distributed in different geographical locations. so same information of different entities were repeated all over in the database. Data warehousing tools and module helped to keep these information in more scientific way in the form of data marts. Some of the benefits that a data warehouse provided are as follows: A data warehouse provided a common data model for all data created whatever the datas source may be. So it was easier to report and analyze information Before storing data into the data warehouse, inconsistent data were identified and resolved which made it easy to report and analyze the trend of data. The information in the warehouse can be stored safely for long periods of time. Data warehouses provide retrieval of data without slowing down operational systems because they were separated from operational system. Data warehouses added the value of operational business applications especially CRM. Data warehouses helped decision support system applications to produce trend reports, exception reports, and reports that show actual performance versus goals. 4. Conclusion: By implementing a new information system, Toyota was able to maintain data quality within the database. As we know â€Å"Too much of Information kill information†, the main challenge in every business is not creating and storing the information but the challenge lie on the capability of company to manage it and use it as par need. Efficient management of the database helped Toyota to increased its annual vehicle sales revenue from 750000 to 1.7 million. This is a huge financial benefit to the company from market share viewpoint. Toyota also gained the intangible benefits of ‘first-mover advantage which made them a leader in using a new process or system that were difficult for competitors to follow yielding strategic competitive advantage. This helped them to stay in the business despite of the huge system failure. Other intangible benefits like staff morale, customer satisfaction,reputation,customer-management, value chain management, organizational learning were also o bserved by the management.

Jane Eyre :: English Literature

Jane Eyre What do you learn from Jane's arrival at Thornfield and her first meeting with Mr Rochester? When Jane first arrives at Thornfield she is greeted by Mrs Fairfax, she receives a warm welcome and an inquiry into whether she is cold and a subsequent offer to warm by the fire. This something Jane is not used to, in the past at the Reed's house, Gateshead, and certainly at Lowood her reception had been quite cold and harsh. At Gateshead Jane was treated badly and received no love. Bessie the servant was the only person who even showed some sort of interest in her. In my opinion Bessie cared for Jane as her own, reading to her many times out of the books by the window seat. Of course the 'Reed' children were treated much more fairly and there was biases towards them, but this was down to Mrs Reed's dislike for Jane, which is stated later in the story just before she dies. In chapter three Jane has been in the red room as a punishment and when she comes out she has suffered greatly and needs to see a doctor. However Mrs Reed only sends for a apothecary, if one of her own children had been ill a proper doctor would have been called, which again shows Mrs Reeds poor treatment of Jane. When finally Jane is sent to what Mr Lloyd thinks will be a better place for her, Lowood School, she is faced with more distant relationships and hard conditions. However Miss Temple and Helen Burns are of great contrast to the main theme at Lowood and provide at last someone Jane can trust and relate to. Miss Temple has a kind character and concerns herself with Jane's well being when she arrives at the school. She later becomes the closest Jane gets to a role model in life. Helen is Jane's first friend and has a profound effect on her in many ways as well as being a counterbalance to Jane's character and teaching her to be self-controlled and well disciplined and studious to get on in life. As I put earlier when Jane first comes to Thornfield she is meet by Mrs Fairfax. As always Jane is quick to form impressions in her mind which as readers we learn and can appreciate. She describes her as "the neatest imaginable little elderly lady." Which you see as quite a likeable and welcoming character. She then goes on to say "A more reassuring introduction for a new governess could scarcely be conceived." This shows the perfect setting for Jane at last, which is

To what extent and why would you agree or disagree with the view that the New Right proceeded by assertion approach to welfare provision?

(3) ‘Our judgement would be that, essentially, the New Right proceed by assertion' [George and Wilding]. To what extent and why would you agree or disagree with the view that the New Right proceeded by assertion approach to welfare provision? Professors George and Wilding made the statement in their study of welfare and ideology that the New Right ‘proceed by assertion' – that is to say that they make over generalised and unbalanced rhetoric about the state provision of welfare. The New Right emerged as an ideology in critical response to the post 1945 government attempts to provide a comprehensive system of welfare in Britain. They argue that state provision is not only inefficient and ineffective, but that collective enterprise is actually impossible as they have no belief in a common purpose in society. New Right ideas can be separated into two major strands of thought. The Neo- Liberal philosophy that is concerned with economic factors; and the Neo-Conservative strand which is interested with social, moral and political implications. However, they can be grouped together to define a philosophy which favours more market and less state involvement in peoples lives. They equate that more government means less personal reedom which, for the New Right, undercuts the principles of democracy. It is widely argued that the New Right present an ideology of Welfare that while being rational and efficient in theory; in practice is simply too idealistic and is neither sensitive nor flexible enough to the social needs of contemporary society. This essay intends to show that the ideologies of welfare presented by the New Right lack legitimate evidence to support and justify their proposals; this will be shown in two ways. First, the inadequacies of the New Right philosophical basis will be highlighted o show that at the most primary footing of their perspectives on social policy are unsound. Secondly, I will look at their argument for the supremacy of the free market system over state provision. This will be examined in both the economic and social spheres. The key and most basic reason why the New Right has a tendency to make statements with little substance or legitimacy is that their fundamental philosophical basis appears to be flawed. New Right thinkers emphasise individualism; Friedman asserts that ‘. The individual (is) the ultimate entity in society ‘. Clearly, there is little room for collective conscious in their philosophy. This egotistical individualism stresses that the welfare state, a collectivist policy, cannot work due to ‘human nature' e. g. self-seeking and greedy. The New Right ideology claims that the nature of human kind is unchangeable which thus makes the Welfare State an impossibility. However, many critics of this theory argue that classifying human nature as fixed ignores all culture and history surrounding the development of society. They centre their ideology on agency and completely fail to recognise the role of structure. Thatcher, a leading figure of the New Right ideology, said there is no such thing as society -just ndividuals. However, George and Wilding dismiss this assertion by highlighting that as human beings, we are all linked together in patterns and cycles of dependency. Williams also points out that surely ‘. We are not just individuals or families, but members of one another. ‘ The New Right also asserts that the Welfare State policies view people as social beings who can be motivated by social concerns and social goals. Naturally, the New Right reject this view of humans, again this can be rooted back to the importance of the individual and their assumption that humankind will very rarely act for the collective good. However, this argument ignores the cyclical nature of human relationships, any moral or collective consciousness is disregarded which is highly unrealistic for as humans we are social beings, we are graggrarious . New Right supporters also declare that the Welfare State is essentially inefficient due to its need for rational planning. They reason that due to the complexity of modern society, it is impossible to structure and implement plans that would be beneficial both economically and socially. As Willets points out ‘. It is precisely the increasing complexity of modern life which makes centralised organisation mpossible.. ‘ They dismiss constructive rationalism as unrealistic and call for less government intervention. Friedman views much government activity as undesirable. He believes it should have a limited role restricted to areas such as foreign policy and overseeing economic policies. However, it seems unreasonable to dismiss some degree of planning in modern society, people need valid motives and goals that are justified. The New Right principles on the role of the Welfare State assert that: we must first help those in need. Socialists believe that the State should provide an average standard. We believe that it should provide a minimum standard, above which people should be free to rise as far as their industry, their thrift, their ability or their genius may take them†¦. This highlights the New Right emphasis on individual freedom and choice. They say that the state provision of welfare is an encroachment on basic human freedoms as it restricts choice. However, if one considers services such as water, housing or health care, these are such fundamental needs that there is no real choice whether or not these needs are fulfilled. As a result of this, consumers in markets for these services are in a weak osition. Because of this vunerablilty, state provision of these services ensures a comprehensive service which is regulated. Market systems in such essential areas of provision leave the consumer susceptible to exploitation and it also undermines the principles of a free democracy As a result of the need for planning in the functioning of the Welfare State, many New Right thinkers dismiss it as it ignores the concept of spontaneous order- the market system. Or, at a more tangible level, they favour monetarism over Keynesianism. – The New Right view the market as the most efficient system as it generates ompetition which,in turn, spurs innovation and a consumer led market. It also means that a monopoly cannot be created and consequently, prices are kept reasonable and quality of services are kept high. They argue that the Welfare State violates the spirit of capitalism and basic human nature . For the New Right, the market is the most efficient and rational way to operate economically and socially – The New Right also argue that the State presents a series of destructive economic consequences. Mead contends that the government projects a view to society that work is merely an option, not a nessecity. In other words, that social security creates a ‘nanny state', causing idleness. He views the Welfare state as a victim of it's own success by feeding and sustaining the type of behaviour it is trying to minimise. Another problem with this, according to the New Right, is because the welfare state is centralised it is therefore seen as ‘government money', it is depersonalised and as a result becomes vulnerable to abuse and manipulation . Again, this leads back to the view that man is individualistic and self seeking, rejecting the concept of the ‘common good' or collective social conscious. In the defence of the State, it is obvious that in any socio-political arena there will be negative and positive outcomes of any kind of social policy. However they must be weighed up against each other. It is impractical and unrealistic to assess the welfare state in the abstract, as the New Right tends to. Their philosophies also ignore the complex and diverse nature of modern society, and are simply not sensitive enough to the various needs. Holman explains that in reality, the New Right regard ‘.. personal gain and material selfishness.. as virtues while compassion for the disadvantaged and a readiness to share oods and power are sneered at as weakness.. ‘ Thus far we have seen that the New Right philosophy celebrates private enterprise as it promotes democracy, however there is much substantial evidence to prove otherwise. Friedman, for example, claims in his writings NAME OF BOOK AND QUOTE DIRECTLY.. that it is the free market which made it possible for black people to overcome racial discrimination in the United States. This completely disregards the role of state legislation in this matter, and further presents an unbalanced and misleading view of the social policy process which seems to be a consistent motif hat runs through the New Right philosophies. XPAND ECONOMIC POINT Another major factor in the inadequacy of the market provision of Welfare State services is that it cannot supply needs regardless of ability to pay or according to need. As a result, it is easy to deduce that the market solutions are distinctly less equitable than the state provision of public services. Therefore, it can be argued that, the New Right fail to consider the social consequences of the market system. The problem of the New Right is that their opinions of the supremacy of the free market are formed from their own view point which is invariably secure, affluent and rofessional. They fail to recognise that the freedom the market offers is conditional. Holman argues that it ‘†¦ depends upon the prior advantage of having jobs, opportunities, savings. The market provides freedom for the privileged. ‘ The World Bank, long regarded as supporters for the free market, issued a report in 1997 emphasising that an effective state is ‘†¦ vital to the provision of goods and services and the rules and institutions that allow markets to flourish and people to lead healthier, happier lives. Without it, sustainable development, both economic and social is impossible.. This shows that while the New Right ideology is not wholly disregarded, it is seen as not looking at the whole picture, which gives an unbalanced and bias view of state provision. The New Right can be thought of as ‘leading by assertion' due to the fact that they often make statements without backing it up with legitimate evidence. According to the New Right ideology, the Welfare State has many negative social implications. Firstly, it undermines any sense of responsibility and self-reliance by providing, not so much a ‘safety net', more an altogether too comfortable cushion to those who get state provision. This, in turn, fosters what Keith Joseph coined in the 1970's a ‘dependency culture'. This anti-collectivist theory claimed that poor families in poverty transmitted this culture of difficult relationships, unskilled work or unemployment. However, this is an generalised statement that when examined, becomes totally inadequate. Willams argues that ‘such an explanation .. fails to account for the effect of social circumstances†¦ ‘ Charles Murray, whose work has been widely published in Britain by the Institute of Economic Affairs, assets that the Welfare State infact sustains an ‘underclass' by emoving any element of real risk or danger-factors which, according to the New Right, are essential to the consistent function of an innovative and motivated market. This theory is best represented by a quote from the 1992 Conservative Party Conference where the Social Security minister, Peter Lillley, categorised single mothers as having dominant membership of this supposed underclass and described them as ‘young ladies who get pregnant just to jump the housing list. ‘ This assertion by Peter Lilley is an example of how the New Right thinkers tend to make broad statements, often considering them in the abstract without using much vidence and dispensing normative prescriptions for the social ills. Clearly, however, a broader agenda is required when evaluating social policies. Also this approach fails to consider the supportive and cohesive functions that the Welfare State provides. Holman shows effectively the inadequacy of the New Rights theory of the emergence of an underclass in his study of the effect of the implementation of New Right policies in Easterhouse during the early nineties. He presents quantitative evidence to show that it is not the ‘feather-bedding' approach of the Welfare State that is ccountable for social problems and ‘wrong' values. Rather Holman argues that, . the deprivations are imposed upon people by government policies and economic factors beyond their control. The underclass thesis should be seen less as an explanation of the state of places like Easterhouse and more as a New Right excuse which diverts blame away from the dire results of New Right practices.. The New Right maintain that the free market promotes democracy by offering choice to the consumer. They argue that the Welfare state creates a monopoly, therefore there is no competition, which is bad for the consumer. asically the state is answerable to no-one because people are not directly paying for their health care or schooling (for example). Williamson summarises that the Welfare State from a New Right perspective is ‘significantly inefficient as it is an effective monopoly, bureaucratic in character and dominated by producers, not consumers. ‘ Williams also highlights the problem of the concentration of power in the market or oligopoly , which is fundamentally undemocratic. She asserts that business people rarely practice free competition whenever they are in a position to control the market hemselves. This is further reinforced by Richard Titmuss in his 1959 lecture ‘The Irresponsible Society' where he stressed that major monetary decisions of building societies, insurance and pension companies were being made by a small minority of people. Such decisions affect millions of people, and their views are not taken into account, which is fundamentally undemocratic. It must be noted, however, The New Right philosophy does not altogether reject the role of state in Welfare. Gray accepts the idea of quasi-markets within the welfare state, perhaps in the form of a voucher system. This way competition is still strong because people have the freedom to choose which hospital or school they want. Seldon reinforces this by suggesting that ‘ National economic expansion can best be helped by putting welfare by stages into the market where the consumer will rule instead of the politician'. The effectiveness of the market system is not completely convincing. The New Right tends to present a distorted and partial view of the efficiency of the free market. -more explanation of efficiency of market see george nad wildiing chapter on democratic socialism. conclusion

Remuneration in Western Australia

Remuneration in Western Australia Introduction In the modern business world, a lot of competition has been experienced in all industries of the global economies and business people have been required to adjust their activities to the changing environment. As competition intensifies, the need for qualified people has also increased and attracting and retaining professionals in an organization has been of great importance.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Remuneration in Western Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The high rate of employee turnover being experienced today can only be reduced by adopting better strategies of retaining employees. Employee turnover causes failure of many systems in an organization and managers should try to protect their organizations by applying the best strategies of retaining their workers. Remuneration is one of the greatest elements of employee motivation that organizations use. However, human resources manager s are required to use a mixture of strategies to motivate their employees. Globalization has increased competition in the labour markets because skilled individuals can move to markets which provide better terms of employment. In this paper I will discuss the role remuneration plays in retaining staff in the expanding regional economy of Western Australia. Various theories on remuneration and employee motivation have been discussed to identify the strategies adopted by companies to retain their employees. Economy of Western Australia There have been steady growth in the economy of Western Australia and this has required many business entities to expand their operations. Western Australia contributes more than 38 percent of all the exports of Australia as per the 2009 statistics[1]. The high rate of economic growth is expected to have great pressure on the labour market because many people are required to work in all sectors of the economy. Resources available in the economy as well as the development projects being undertaken in Western Australia have provided a favourable environment for expanding business activities and this has intensified the demand for labour. Resources and construction sectors in the economy have created a high demand for labour and this has led to competition because every institution is seeking more workers. Adequate measures have been taken to reduce the shortage of labour and skills and to enable the state and the nation to tap the opportunities available[2].Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To balance demand and supply of labour in the country, the Department of Training and Workforce Development has developed strategies by aligning the workforce with the needs of the industry. Population demographics in the labour market of Western Australia indicate that most of the employees are aged 35[3] and there are projectio ns for an increase in the median age to approximately 45 years[4]. Birth rate in Western Australia has dropped and this indicates that population would reduce drastically in the future years. Workforce participation rate in Western Australia has been estimated to be above the average even though it has been predicted that the rate may decline in the near future. The increasing demand for labour which has been coupled by the demographic trends have created a situation where there is need for investing more time and resources to attract and retain professionals and skilled workforce[5]. In the global scene, changes in demographics, improved business growth and the increasing competition for professional employees have made it impossible for managers to predict as well as achieve an optimal staffing level. Competition for skilled workforce requires establishing good plans for attracting and retaining employees. To attract and retain the workforce of a given industry requires satisfying all the needs of employees. The governments of Australia have a mandate of ensuring that the employee is satisfied as far as the work environment is concerned. This is achieved through appropriate controls on the economy in addition to empowering employees with necessary infrastructure. Business entities have a role of creating terms and conditions which have monetary and non-monetary rewards with the aim of improving the level of satisfaction of employees at the workplace[6]. There are several challenges facing the government, industries and organizations as they strive to attract and retain employees in Western Australia. Remuneration strategies adopted by any organization must consider the living standards of the people in the country. Workers face the challenges of increasing cost of housing and other living expenses and this must be catered for in the remuneration packages provided by the employers. The price for a median house is approximately $822,000 in Karratha and $ 685,0 00 in Port Hedland. Renting a house per week would cost $3000 in resource towns and $350 per week for a single room[7]. Theories on remuneration Employees are motivated by both monetary and non-monetary factors within the organization. The monetary motivators are called the transactional motivation factors because the employees seek financial benefits from the work done. The non-monetary motivators are called the transformational motivators because the employees also seek non-financial aspects.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Remuneration in Western Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Both monetary and non-monetary motivational elements are applied by managers to attract and retain professionals and skilled individuals. Human resources management has been said to be a transactional process such that subordinates perform their duties because they have been promised monetary rewards. According to Greiner[8], th ese rewards may take the form of salaries or wages. Reward systems are used to attract, retain and motivate employees in an organization. Remuneration levels applied by organizations should satisfy the human needs of the employees. In addition, remuneration should also be felt fair by the employees by offering rewards that reflect the contribution of each employee. There are legal requirements that managers should adhere to when implementing any reward systems. On the other hand, any reward system should be affordable and aligned to the strategies of the organization[9]. According to ZÃ ¼gner and Ullrich[10] there are three levels of remuneration: fixed levels of payment, payment based on performance of individual employee and payment based on the results of the company. Fixed payments are made when the salary or wages of employees do not change unless when the employer implements a general pay hike. There are several factors such as the time an employee has worked with the company , skills, position, and other factors which determine the amount of salary paid to the employees. This system does not motivate workers because there are few incentives to improve job performance as well as retaining employees. This remuneration system does not offer employees with the opportunity to have better payment scales as their performance and productivity improves[11]. Firms that are able to motivate their employees have a lower rate of employee turnover and can retain the workforce for a longer period of time. Firms using a remuneration system that is based on the quality and quantity of work done are able to motivate their employees to work extra hard while encouraging them to work for a longer period with the company. Most companies use a combination of the two systems to encourage employees to improve their performance. Employees get feedback on their performance through this system because their performance determines their remuneration level. Employees tend to work fo r a longer period of time with a firm when they get positive feedback from their employers[12]. Some companies use remuneration systems which are based on the results obtained in a given period. There is a fixed remuneration level for all employees while bonuses are added according to the performance of the company in a given financial period. This system can be implemented in different ways such as selling shares to the employees. When the company has good performance, its reputation improves and share value increases and as a result, employees get a higher dividend level. This system has some risks to the employees because their remuneration is determined by their performance as well as external market factors[13]. Employers using this system do not motivate their employees to a greater extent compared to other methods of remuneration and therefore this system is not effective in retaining employees.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is important for managers to conduct market analysis on the prevailing remuneration rates in the market to ensure they implement appropriate pay rates. An organization that provides a lower rate of payment than the market rate has the risk of losing its customers to competitors. With the free flow of information in the labour market, professionals compare the wage rates in the market and they tend to accept offers by companies with better terms. On the other hand, providing too high remuneration rates may not be healthy to the organization. An organization derives profits from the excess revenues obtained after subtracting operational costs. Bearing in mind that labour costs are operational expenses, increasing wage rates reduces the profits of a company. Managers must balance the wage rates provided by to their employees and the prevailing market conditions to ensure appropriate decisions are made[14]. Managers should conduct continuous job evaluation to ensure they get the best out of the employees. Evaluating employees determines the decisions on changing the wage rates. It is important that managers should adjust wage rates when employees improve their performance. A grading structure should be established in an organization to provide employees with a clear picture on their progress as they continue working with the organization. Grading structure helps employees improve their performance and motivates them to continue working for the organization because they have the hope for a better wage rate whenever their performance improves. Managers should consider internal and external market environments when setting the wage rates and pay structures[15]. Retaining employees requires motivating them at the workplace by the use of different aspects. Managers use both monetary and non-monetary reward incentives to motivate their employees. The monetary rewards include promotions, increment in wages, paid leaves, and hospital allowances among others. The non-mo netary rewards include thanksgiving for improvement in the workplace and recognition by the top management among others. The management encourages the workers to improve their performance when they create reward incentives within the organization. Reward incentives such as promotions and salary increment should be based on the quality of work done[16]. According to Bogardus[17], employees are not only motivated by the wages they receive from the organizations but are also motivated by many other factors within the environment of the organization. Performance-related pay improves the quality of the work done by the employees. Money is a motivator and increase in wages improves the performance of the employees. This system provides incentives to the employees to work hard to increase the total amount earned. Workers are more productive when their wages are determined by the individual efforts. Performance related system encourages employees to improve the quality of work done and also motivates employees to increase their productivity. Promotions within the organizations are done on the performance of the employees to encourage them work effectively and efficiently[18]. Fayol[19] suggested that money is a motivator and can be used to change the behavior of employees. He suggested that remuneration packages provided to employees should be attractive to motivate them. To ensure there is a balance between remuneration policies and available resources, Fayol suggested that managers should create wage systems which coincides with the resources of an organization. As such, managers have an obligation to provide remuneration scales which motivate employees and at the same time the organization is not deprived off its ability to operate[20]. In the modern business world, employees are seeking other motivational factors other than monetary benefits. Managers have the obligation of developing different motivational systems to encourage employees improve their performance. Traditionally, money was perceived as the major motivational tool in an organization but managers have come to realize that there are many factors which motivate employees. Therefore, an integrated system is important in an organization such that managers use a variety of motivational elements to improve performance. Bruce and Pepitone[21] suggested that there are two categories of motivational factors: Intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Intrinsic factors refer to the inner feeling that a person has about the place of work. Extrinsic factors are the external factors which motivate an employee. Extrinsic factors include rewards, promotion, and recognition among others. Employees work harder when their welfare is put into consideration by their managers. Employees are motivated to work when they are made to realize that their work add value to the organization. When employees are provided the opportunity to take interest in their work, they improve performance and contribute willingly to the organizational goals[22]. In a capitalistic economic system the employees (owners of the labour factor of production) and the managers (owners of capital) are rivals and each of the party aims at maximizing his benefits from the other. The employees aim at getting the highest amount of wages possible from the organization. The management aims at obtaining the maximum output from the employees. The two groups are always against each other and the initiatives to engage employees are just but methods of promoting the goals of the management. Most of the initiatives to motivate employees have no monetary benefits to the employees[23]. Creating equilibrium in the labour market ensures that the employer and the employee are satisfied by the prevailing market conditions. Legal systems in a country are established to protect the interests of both the employer and the employee. Employees are protected from exploitation by the employer while the employers are protected from excess pres sure by the labour unions. To reduce conflicts on the remuneration system adopted in an organization, it is important for employers to engage employees in decision making process. In some cases, trade unions are involved in discussing the best rates for employees. Labour unions have been found to be effective in uniting employees and employers and in the making of collective decisions. Collective bargaining is important in modern business environment because it provides all parties with opportunities to express their ideas on the best decisions to be implemented. Collective bargaining encourages employees to continue working for an organization for a long period of time. A legal agreement is made during a collective bargaining process and both the employee and the employer have the mandate to adhere to the decisions made. The remuneration rates applied in an organization must be discussed in a collective agreement process to ensure fairness to all parties involved. The government ha s the mandate to intervene in situations where employers are likely to oppress employees[24]. Application of remuneration theories to the economy of Western Australia The declining population in Western Australia requires the government attracting people from other countries to work in the country. A lot of effort is required to retain the existing employees as a measure of reducing the deficiency. Retaining the existing number of employees will require the use of suitable remuneration packages for employees. Favourable remuneration should be applied to ensure professionals and skilled employees are retained. In addition to using money as a motivator, other non-monetary factors should be implemented to ensure that employees are attracted and retained at their place of work. Labour unions in the country should be encouraged to protect the welfare of employees. Solving conflicts between employees and employers will provide a good foundation for promoting the welfare of employees. Coll ective bargaining on the remunerations applied by organizations should be encouraged to avoid imposing decisions upon the employees. Through collective bargaining employees will have a stake in the decisions implemented in an organization. The increasing competition in the domestic and global markets requires the managers in the country to focus on establishing strategies which will provide competitive advantage. Globalization has changed the business environment and managers are supposed to take diversified strategies of motivating their employees. Globalization has been accompanied by an increase in competition in both domestic and global markets. This has forced managers to come up with better strategies to manage organizational resources to create competitive advantage as well as increase profitability against the highly competitive market environment. As globalization continues to take place in the local and global markets, managers are required to adopt better strategies to ma nage their workers[25]. As market conditions continue to change, there is increasing need to come with better human resource management policies about remuneration systems to maintain competitiveness in the global markets. The labour market has experienced a lot of changes because many organizations are operating in the global markets. Labor factor of production has become mobile and people can work in different countries. This has increased competition for skilled labour and there has been a great need to improve employee motivation. Reducing employee turnover in the current market conditions requires adopting better strategies when establishing remuneration systems of organizations in the country. Employees become loyal to an organization when they are motivated to work. Winning employee loyalty is an important aspect that organizations should focus on because skilled labour is becoming scarce in the country. Different reward systems are accepted by different labour markets and th is provides opportunities for managers to attract professionals from different countries. It is important for managers to understand the legal regulations established by different governments, especially when working in a multi-governmental environment[26]. Conclusion Remuneration provides workers with morale to improve their work and also motivates them to deliver according to the requirements of the job. Employees are motivated by monetary and non-monetary benefits. Motivation is the inner feeling that a worker develops to improve performance in the workplace. Countries have regulated remuneration systems adopted by organizations operating within their jurisdiction to protect the interests of both the employers and employees. In Western Australia, there has been a decline in the population and this has reduced the number of people available to provide labour in the country. Remuneration has been identified as a major factor that employers use to attract and retain professionals an d individuals with skills. Motivation helps attract and retain employees in an organization because workers are satisfied at the workplace when their needs are fulfilled. Providing better terms of payment should be a major concern for all employers because professionals and skilled workers will be attracted and retained in an organization when they are provided with good remuneration packages. The government in Western Australia should consider establishing legal systems which attract professionals from other countries to boost the workforce in the country. It is also recommended that apart from using attractive remuneration packages to employees, organization should focus on improving the overall welfare of employees by applying other non-monetary motivational elements. Bibliography Armstrong, Michael., Murlis, Helen and Group, Hay. Reward management: a handbook of remuneration strategy and practice. Kogan Page Publishers, 2007. ISBN 0749449861, 9780749449865 Australian Bureau of S tatistics 2010. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/ Bogardus, Anne. PHR / SPHR Professional in Human Resources Certification Study Guide. John Wiley and Sons. 2009. ISBN 0470430966 Bohlander, George and Snell, Scott. 2009. Managing Human Resources. ISBN 0324593317, Cengage Learning. Bruce, Anne and Pepitone, James. S. Motivating employees. McGraw-Hill Professional, 1998. ISBN 0070718687. Caisley, Kiely T. Collective Bargaining. CCH New Zealand Limited, 2007. 80-99. ISBN 0864756348, 9780864756343. p 85. Cooke, William. N. Multinational companies and global human resource strategies. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003. Council of Australian Governments, National Affordable Housing Agreement, Canberra. 2008. Fayol, Henri and Iwrin, Gray. General and industrial management. (Trans. C Storrs). London: Pitman. 1987 Greiner, Joy Marilyn, 2004. Exemplary Public Libraries: Lessons in Leadership, Management, and Service. Libraries Unlimited, 2004. Lawler III, E. E., Mohrman, S. A., Benson, G. Jossey-Bass, (2001). Organizing for High Performance: Employee Involvement, Tqm, Reengineering, and Knowledge Management in the Fortune 1000: The CEO Report . McClelland, David. C. Human motivation. CUP Archive, 1987. ISBN 0521369517. Shields, John. Managing Employee Performance and Reward: Concepts, Practices, Strategies. Cambridge University Press, Melbourne. 2007. The Department of Commerce. Worksafe. Government of Western Australia. 2010. The Department of Training and Workforce Development. Attracting and retaining a skilled workforce. Government of Western Australia. 2010. ZÃ ¼gner, Christiane and Ullrich, Stefan. Compensation and remuneration. GRIN Verlag, 2007. ISBN 3638702200, 9783638702201. Footnotes The Department of Training and Workforce Development. Attracting and retaining a skilled workforce. Government of Western Australia. 2010, p. 1 Ibid The Department of Commerce. Worksafe. Government of Western Australia. 2010. p. 5. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2010. The Department of Training and Workforce Development. P. 2 Ibid. p. 2-3. Council of Australian Governments, National Affordable Housing Agreement, Canberra. 2008. p. 3. Marilyn, Greiner Joy. Exemplary Public Libraries: Lessons in Leadership, Management, and Service. Libraries Unlimited, 2004.p. 12. John, Shields. Managing Employee Performance and Reward: Concepts, Practices, Strategies, Cambridge University Press, Melbourne. 2007. p. 52. Christiane, ZÃ ¼gner and Ullrich, Stefan. Compensation and Remuneration. (GRIN Verlag, 2007, p. 2). ISBN 3638702200, 9783638702201. p. 2. Ibid Ibid Ibid Michael Armstrong., Murlis, Helen and Group, Hay. Reward management: a handbook of remuneration strategy and practice. Kogan Page Publishers, 2007. p. 8-9. ISBN 0749449861, 9780749449865 Ibid. Anne, Bogardus. PHR / SPHR Professional in Human Resources Certification Study Guide. John Wiley and Sons. 2009. ISBN 0470430966. Ibid. David, McClelland. C. Human motivation. CUP Archive, 1987. ISBN 0521369517. p. 16. Henri, Fayol and Iwrin, Gray. General and industrial management. (Trans. C Storrs). London: Pitman. 1987. P. 42. Ibid. Anne, Bruce and Pepitone, James. S. Motivating employees. McGraw-Hill Professional 1998. ISBN 0070718687. p. 8. Ibid. Lawler III, E. E., Mohrman, S. A., Benson, G. Jossey-Bass, (2001). Organizing for High Performance: Employee Involvement, Tqm, Reengineering, and Knowledge Management in the Fortune 1000: The CEO Report .p. 6. Kiely, Caisley T. Collective Bargaining. CCH New Zealand Limited, 2007. 80-99. ISBN 0864756348, 9780864756343. p 85. William, Cooke. N. Multinational companies and global human resource strategies. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003. p. 32. George, Bohlander and Snell, Scott. Managing Human Resources. ISBN 0324593317, Cengage Learning, 2009. p. 15.

Feminist approaches to womens writing essays

Feminist approaches to women's writing essays Feminism refers to the theory or set of principles according to which women refuse to acknowledge the importance of men in their lives. They reject the notion that men and women complement each other and that they need to walk together to keep the wheel of life running. Feminism has not only affected politics or business organizations, but has left a deep impact on the world of literature too where several women writers have adopted feminist stance. The stories written by these writers and the characters they created, all reflected a deeply feminist streak. In most of these works, a woman is assigned the lead role so she could speak for the writer. Fay Weldon is among one such British feminist writer whose novels have been considered controversial by many as they reflect conflicting forms of feminism. Weldon's novels have been widely read and most of them received rave reviews upon their publication, however there are still some critics who feel that Weldon doesn't always portray men-women relationship in the most accurate manner. In other words, these critics are of the view that Fay Weldon is not as keen or astute an observer of male-female relationship as Karen Durbin in her review of one of Weldon's novels writes: What we are shown is the bad stuff, convincingly portrayed, but standing alone, a vision of punishment and torture, and one-sided torture at that, the relationship of monsters and victims. At some point, we stop believing. Life is more complicated than that, the war between men and women is more complicated than that (if it weren't, women would have walked off the battlefield by now), and novels have to be more complicated than that. There is a good novel here, but it's caught inside a tract. (34 quoted in Hogeland 1994) Weldon has usually given a negative portrayal of men in the lives of her heroines. She appears to believ...

The Difference a Movie Paradise Now Makes to Regular Americans Review

The Difference a Paradise Now Makes to Regular Americans - Movie Review Example In Said and Khaled’s televised manifestos, in which they effectively say â€Å"goodbye† to their loved ones, while explaining why they are doing what they are doing, Khaled explains that the Israelis have refused compromise and view allowing Palestinians dignity and respect would be tantamount to the suicide of the Jewish state. Khaled talks about how the Israelis have patently refused even the hint of there being two states on the land, which would seem, to a reasonable person, to be a reasonable compromise. When viewing this particular film, it becomes increasingly obvious that the United States, in always supporting Israel, is operating with a tunnel vision, probably because the Israelis are considered to be a friend to the United States, and the United States has a heavy Jewish population. What is actually right and wrong about the conflict apparently does not factor into the United States policy regarding the Israeli homeland. And, with such a powerful ally as the United States on the side of the Israelis in the Palestine-Israeli conflict, the Palestinians do not have a voice. This is why the suicide bombers, and the other terrorist acts, are occurring – it is because of this sense of desperation about their plight. From the way that the movie portrays the conflict, it would be as if Jim Crow were still the law of the United States’ land, and the treatment of the blacks in Jim Crow were countenanced and approved of by the rest of the world, and the rest of the world was constantly taking the side of the United States government in oppressing the black American. I would imagine if that were the case, the United States would have the kind of long-running, violent conflict, without end, that is seen in Israel. With good reason. Of course, only one side is being presented in this movie, which is fine – the movie does not have to be even-handed, nor should it be. It advocates a certain position, and this is the lens through wh ich the audience views the overall conflict between the Israelis and the Palestinians. That I came away from the movie impassioned about the shabby treatment of the Palestinians at the hand of the Israelis, and angry about how the United States is reflexively pro-Israel, which serves to only further oppress the Palestinians, means that the filmmaker has done his job. Intellectually, I understand that the conflict is much more complex than the movie shows, more complex than I would ever be able to grasp. However, this movie was very effective in portraying the side that it needs to. This is probably the reason why the film won so many accolades, such as an Oscar and a Golden Globe. One of the techniques that the filmmaker uses to make the film’s message compelling is that he uses the story of two ordinary Palestinians, and gives them a backstory. The filmmaker shows them, early on, relaxing with a hookah between them, after getting off of work at the automobile junkyard. We se e that Said has a potential girlfriend, and we also see Said’s family at home – his mother, his younger brother, etc. We know that Said and Khaled are flesh and blood, which gives them a sense of pathos.

Enemy Of State Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Enemy Of State - Movie Review Example The movie was completely produced in The United States with major filming locations as Los Angeles, California, Washington DC, Baltimore, Maryland. The basic plan sketch of this movie is that a lawyer turns out to be a goal by a fraudulent politician and his NSA gangsters when the lawyer by coincidence obtains core verification to a grave politically provoked murder transgression. The only man on earth who can be of assistance to the lawyer is an ex-government official turned observation specialist. Jerry Bruckheimmer whose name is frequently related with noisy and mindless action spectacles created Enemy Of The State. Therefore, it was tempting to brand the thrilling movie as just one more Hollywood "high perception" film that underestimate grave subject, in this story the everlasting quandary stuck between public safety and private autonomy. At earliest glimpse, it seems that this film may perhaps be abridged nothing over the series of run after and clashes. Nevertheless, Director Tony Scott, who regularly is apt to focus of those views at the expenditure of the whole thing as well, was perceptibly involved to the likelihood to demonstrate probable of contemporary observational expertise in a novel method.